Italian yoga teacher and mountain runner Tite Togni tells us why the two are a perfect match. Image (and feature image) Richard Bull, Trail Running Nepal To be a successful mountain runner the body and mind must be working in harmony before, during and after a race. Pioneering mountain runner and experienced Iyengar yoga teacher, Tite Togni, has known for a long time what most runners are now finding out – yoga is a perfect addition to any training schedule. We had a chat with Tite to find out why yoga is so great for runners, here’s what she had to say. Tell us a little about yourself I am an Italian Iyanger yoga certified teacher. In the past I was a professional figure skater, so sport has always been part of my life. I stopped pro-sports for two decades when I had kids and a family life. I got back into running when I had more time and I found the more I trained and raced, the more I went to the yoga mat. Training could not give me balance – the balance in life, mind and body. Being stressed in competitions became ok, as long as I got back to the mat. I decided this was something I could give to other sports people. And yoga, how did you get into that? I started yoga in 1989, in Los Angeles while studying at university, because I had some back pain. It was like anyone’s first experience of yoga – I felt the relief in my whole back. In sports your core is your abs, at the front, but in yoga the core is your spine. That was my first enlightenment, and it has never stopped! You’ve been a bit of a pioneer in linking yoga and running? Twenty years ago I tried to communicate basic yoga to runners, but runners were the last people that thought they needed yoga. Times have changed a lot. Lots of athletes are finding it necessary to practice yoga during cross training on a regular basis. What benefits can yoga bring to runners? What they gain is health for the mind and body. The muscles, tendons, ligaments and flexibility are better of course, but the mind is equally important. With yoga practice the mind is always focused. Learning to be present not just during the race, but every day so you’re able to make that decision on whether today is ok to run, or not. This is important for injury prevention. Image by Stefano Marta, Mandala Trail What type of yoga should runners do? Before running you want to warm up the body and mind, get maximum oxygen delivery. Everyone has heard of the Sun Salutation. That opens up all parts of the body, every cell wakes up! After running you don’t need that. When running you really use the body, so most spaces are full and tight, joints get stiff and oxygen doesn’t flow. Use restorative practises, the spine and sitting poses that open up the chest and hips and lengthen the body. What about injury prevention and recovery? The best use of yoga to prevent injury is the ability to be present. Most injuries don’t come from over use but from not listening to the body in stressful moments, the moment before the injury occurs. Many injuries are due to misalignment in the spine and the right or left parts of the body. The use of props can help get into a pose even when injured. Is there a danger with static stretching for runners, as opposed to dynamic stretching? My guru, BKS Iyengar, would always say: “breath is king of the mind – the measure for everything is breath.” Static stretching can be dangerous if you don’t breathe. You can hold any pose if you keep breathing, today three breaths, tomorrow 10 - that is progression. Dynamic stretching can be dangerous, as can anything - sitting on the couch can be dangerous! If you don’t let the breath flow and feel every moment and every movement, if there is to be flow you must have no obstacles. Is it best to have a teacher, like you had? It is important to start practising with direct guidance. Now there are more online courses and with many sports people being so busy it’s easy to just practice online. But that can be misleading. The millennial success of yoga has been in direct transmission of experience, 'parampara' which means from teacher to student, in continuous feedback, to progressively gain self awareness and then you can continue alone too. Find out more about Tite on instagram, Facebook and Twitter.

Coach to elite ultra runners Jason Koop says there’s more training insights we can get from our Ambits than most of us realise.© zooom.at/bergermarkus.com When it comes to trail running, coach Jason Koop says gaining meaningful information demands more effort than required for cycling or road running.  “Coach Koop” – as his athletes call him – has recently published a book called Training Essentials for Ultrarunning, which condenses the knowledge he’s amassed over his sixteen-year career. It’s received positive reviews and is a must on the bookshelf of every dedicated trail runner. He’s also the director of coaching at trainright.com and is a big fan of using cutting-edge technology like Suunto Ambits to achieve better training results.© zooom.at/bergermarkus.com There’s more in there Koop says many trail runners don’t know how to extract high value information from their “wrist-top computers”. It takes more effort and know-how than gaining high quality information for cycling and road running via power meters and pace. “It’s the same type of information – how hard the workout was, what energy systems were tapped into, how much stress was put on the body, but the tools are different and with trail running it takes a few more steps to extract it,” Koop says. © zooom.at/bergermarkus.com Trail running makes it tricky When it comes to cycling and road running this is easier, says Koop, because it’s simply a matter of calculating the time of a workout session with the power output for cycling or the pace for running. This simple formula makes it easy to score how hard and stressful a workout was. “It’s not as easy with trail running because you have all these other factors like the trail surface and the elevation gain and loss so you can’t work it out as easily – it just takes a few more steps to extract meaning from the information,” Koop says. “A lot of trail runners are stuck at the information stage.” © zooom.at/bergermarkus.com Moving past the basic numbers Numeric information such as distance, time, elevation gain and loss, pace and heart rate are interesting, Koop says, but in of themselves don’t offer the necessary insight to build and guide a systematic trail running training programme. Achieving this, he says, requires a “physiological tie-in”. “There’s a big difference between just looking at the usual information your watch records versus using all of it to determine how hard the workout was, how much training stress was involved, and which energy systems were tapped into. That's the bridge that ultimately needs to be gapped – taking the statistical information and having an actual training tie in.” © zooom.at/bergermarkus.com Taking the next steps There are two key steps to get past the information stage. “Firstly, you need to normalise your pace so when you’re running a 10 minute per mile pace uphill you know what pace that equates to on the flats. Strava and Training Peaks have algorithms that do this for you. This gives you an apples to apples comparison for workouts that have different elevation gains. This first step sharpens the picture of the workout from a blurred mess to something where meaningful analysis can take place. It allows you to see how hard a workout was. “The second step is to compartmentalise the aerobic stress a workout session generates, which is predominantly during the up hill and flat sections, from the muscular-skeletal stress predominantly generated in the downhill sections. “If your normalized pace on the flats and uphills are getting better, your aerobic system is adapting. Similarly, if you are handling the total amount of descending or the rate of descending better, your muscular-skeletal system is adapting.”  

Mårten Boström says that the process of developing a new compass was an interesting one. “I have realized how much I as an elite orienteer can give insight to the product development team into how the product is actually used,” Boström says.  The team came up with an innovative design that supports three methods of direction finding. You can easily switch between methods, even during the same event, to match the challenges of your current terrain or the distance to the next control point. With the AIM compasses it is possible to find and follow the direction in different ways. Which methods do you use and when? On short legs I simply place the compass on the control leg and turn my body facing the next control to align the map meridians and needle north. After I have picked a distinguishable object in the terrain to aim for I check which color/symbol -combination the north arrow is pointing to and aim for that same visual combination on every glimpse while proceeding towards the next control. If I only need a course direction towards a big object (e.g. a lake) I might just use a whole sector in a similar manner. On long legs I turn the compass capsule so I can see the north arrow fit in the orienting indicator – thus I don't need to keep the compass on top of the map on the rest of the leg. In all of these I'm of course AIMing into the correct direction where the red arrow on the far end of the compass plate is. The new Suunto AIM-6 can be used with a magnifying lens. When do you use that? A loupe (or magnifying lens) is starting to be a popular accessory even for orienteers with good eyesight. There are more and more details on the maps nowadays and the loupe really helps. Place the loupe in front of the thumb compass so that you can see the corner of the compass baseplate but mainly magnifying the map. READ MORE Learn more about the new AIM-6 and AIM-30 compasses  World champion’s 10 tips for orienteering Meet the orienteer who runs a 2h 18m marathon

Mårten, when did you start working on this project? I have been involved in the development of Suunto's new orienteering compass line from the beginning of the year. Product development is exciting as I have realized how much I as an elite orienteer can give insight to the product development team into how the product is actually used. Mårten Boström worked closely with Suunto's compass business line manager Henrik Palin and designer Heikki Naulapää. What did you want to change or improve? As the compass is an orienteer's most precise aiding tool in navigating it's been an interesting task to refine the current compass to become an even better friend when out in the woods. I wanted to redesign the needle in order to achieve a better contrast on to the map, make the needle much more stable while keeping it fast and take away some markings on the baseplate. The graphics on the baseplate and the compass capsule were designed based on Mårten’s feedback. Since the use of the compass needs to be swift I wanted to add color and symbol codes on the edge of the bezel so that there's no need to rotate the compass capsule. Using the colors and symbols one can simply memorize where the arrow is aiming and advance rapidly. Our goal was to make the colors and symbols on the AIM distinguishable but easily memorable. What are the key characteristics of a great compass? A great compass should be easy to use and have a fast & stable needle. How do you actually test a compass? The compass is best tested in actual orienteering conditions out in the forest where temperatures vary from -10°C to +35°C and twigs hit your face while you are trying to navigate through unknown terrain over hills and through marshes!      Learn more about the new AIM-6 Thumb Compass Learn more about the new AIM-30 Compass

Director of coaching at trainright.com, Jason Koop has been guiding elite athletes for decades. His book Training Essentials for Ultrarunning is a veritable goldmine of training knowledge. We caught up with coach Koop to talk about the book, which he says disproves widely held beliefs about ultrarunning.   Training for an ultramarathon demands high volume and time The first myth, says Koop, is really bad for the sport of ultrarunning; the widespread, and discouraging, belief that to run one you need to clock in a seemingly insurmountable number of kilometers or miles and hours each week. “It creates a barrier to entry for a lot of people because they think they have to train 18 or 24 hours a week,” Koop says. “The fact of the matter is you don’t need that much time and that much volume. While more is better, there’s a point of diminishing returns. After about nine hours per week, every additional 10% of volume doesn't correlate to a 10% improvement in performance or capability. It might only be 5 or 1% you get back. For a 100 mile race, Koop says doing 10 to 12 hour training weeks for eight to 10 weeks is enough. For the 50 km or 50-mile distance, it’s about nine hours for about six to eight weeks.© Philipp Reiter You need mountains to properly train for an ultramarathon While living and training in the mountains is helpful, it’s not essential. “Consider Kaci Lickteig,” Koop says. “She was second at the Western States 100 in 2015, yet she lives in Omaha, Nebraska and only does about 305 m of vertical a week. It takes her 20 weeks to accumulate the amount of vertical that’s in the Western States 100. But yet she has been really successful. It’s nice to train in the mountains if you can, but most normal people can be successful without them. The more important priority is improving your cardiovascular engine.”© Philipp Reiter You have to be freakishly talented to run an ultramarathon Koop says a lot of people believe you need to be genetically endowed with a sky-high vo2 max to be a good ultra runner. “I really haven’t found that to be the case,” he says. “Most of the guys and the girls we test, they’re not even close to an Olympic caliber marathon runner or even to a national caliber marathon runner. An ultra runner’s aerobic engine isn’t the sole determinant of performance in the way as it is for a marathoner. There is a lot of other factors that play more of a role in an ultramarathon – strategy, mental toughness and nutrition, for example. You have to be able to do a big mix of things and don’t have to be the biggest aerobic powerhouse on the planet.”© Philipp Reiter I would never be able to finish in time “Most ultra marathon cut off times are really generous,” Koop says. “The physiological talent or aerobic power that it takes to run at the pace to make cut off is actually within reach of most people. A typical cut off time for a 100 miler, for example, is 30 hours – that’s 18 minutes a mile. Just about everybody walks one mile in 18 minutes and 30 seconds. What that indicates is the fitness required to complete the task isn’t very high. So it’s an accessible sport from this standpoint.” Lead image: © Philipp Reiter

What equipment is needed to start orienteering? A map, a compass and sturdy shoes are the basic requirements. What’s the scale of an orienteering map usually? Maps are of scales 1:10000 or 1:15000, larger scales in urban events. That means that on the regular 1:10000 map 1 cm in the map depicts 100 m in the terrain. What advice can you give on the map symbols? Maps are drawn with same symbols worldwide and the colors on the map roughly resemble those you see in real life in front of you. Blue stands for water, white for normal forest, green for thick forest, black mostly for built objects and yellow depicts open areas. However, brown representing elevation contours is the most important color for navigation. How is an orienteering course presented on a map? Start from the purple triangle and follow the connecting lines to the numbered control circles. When you have reached the double circle you can stop running – you have reached the finish! How to hold a map? Fold the map so that you can point your thumb to your last known position. Make sure you can see the whole distance towards your next control. How to orient a map? Always keep the map oriented according to your direction of travel. This way you'll see the upcoming objects in the terrain as you move along your thumb on the map as you go. How to decide the best route to the next control point? Pick a route where you'll come across clear objects along the way all the way until the next control. It usually pays off to have a good plan and pick a route to suite ones navigational skills. Shortest is not always the safest way to find the control quickly... How to get the direction to the next control with a map and a compass? Place the compass' direction of travel line parallel to the control connecting line on your map. In the image above the line connects the start (marked with a triangle) with the first control (marked with a circle). Rotate the compass capsule so that the red orienting lines are aligned with the map meridians and pointing north. Keep the map horizontal while you turn yourself so that the compass north arrow and the map meridians pointing to the north line up. Now the line of travel points towards your next control! How to keep your direction? After getting the correct direction using the compass you should look up into the terrain and pick a distinguishable feature far ahead to aim for. Repeat glimpse at your compass often to make sure the map's meridians and your compass north arrow line up – and pick new features in the terrain to aim for. How do you know you are at the right control? Control description define the exact location of the control (e.g. on the northeast side of the southernmost boulder in the control circle). Code numbers found in the control descriptions reassure you're at the correct control. Bonus: How to run fast in the forest? Keeping your gaze constantly about 20 m in front of you making micro-routechoices through the terrain will help you smoothly glide across boulder fields and swamps alike. Orienteers develop a seventh sense to run fast through all kinds of environments while reading the map only through extensive training, so get out there! Learn more about Suunto compasses Meet the orienteer who runs a 2h 18m marathon Find your local orienteering organization through the International Orienteering Federation